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The whole "Hybrid" conundrum...again ;)

You make some good points, Kokopelli, especially concerning dogs. As a certified veterinary technician practicing for over 25 years, I've seen more inherited problems in dogs and cats than most. A wonderful example is the English Bulldog. It has been "refined" by humans to such a degree that they are literally incapable of reproducing on their own without human intervention via artificial insemination to Caesarian sections. Humans have been manipulating domesticated animals for thousands of years.

However, that is not the case (yet) with the various snake species kept in captivity. Humans have only been manipulating these creatures for somewhere around 50-75 years (and that's just a guess on my part). The species used to create the current hybrids are known to reproduce in the wild on their own without our intervention. And even when we do make a cross that wouldn't naturally occur (again, this is speculation as we really don't know this has never happened), such as with a corn X king, the resulting offspring are fertile and WILL reproduce with both parent species on their own. With all the other hybrids created by humans (mules, zonies, ligers, etc), it is extremely rare to find one that is actually fertile. If we're really doing something so horribly wrong, I would think that Nature would let us know. Personally, I'm much more concerned about what is being done in secret labs with the cloning technology than with crossing some snakes.

And I wouldn't be too eager to jump on the DNA testing bandwagon. We had a client send off for a DNA test on one of his purebred Dachshunds. The results came back that it was a Cocker Spaniel X Border Collie mix. But then again, considering the current popularity of the Labradoodles and the Pugles....



You say "Nature will let us know" - and yes, it will. But again, I don't really fear the scale of these implications on the whole world, but rather- that in a way it is experimenting on animals for a very selfish goal.
Even if the effect will be minor, it will still not be ours to deal with- the snakes, the pets we so adore apparently, will be the ones to pay the final tally. I don't think it's right.

It doesn't make me better than those who disagree, it's just my opinion
 
dionythicus said:
To comment on the snakes originally posted, my first thought based on the snow and the ghost was that they had ultra in them, like the VMS "tequila sunrise". Apparently I was right.

AFAIK the "tequila sunrise" is still unproven as to what it is. My F1's bred together (snow het hypo X anery A het hypo amel(?) ) giving me snows, a ghost and an anery A. The F1's are from a ghost het amel X "TS". At least in my group there is no ultra or ultramel. Unless of course I'm missing something and the snow baby is by some chance the pinkest ultramel anery A I've seen, or I'm just the luckiest guy alive and it's a hypo ultramel anery A. I will cross them (F1's) out to unrelated animals this year, or next year for the female, still undecided :)
 
I thought I'd heard that the suspicion was, even from VMS, that this was the ultra influence. And I'm not convinced that ultra isn't from yellow rat bloodlines, but that's yet to be proven.
 
I thought I'd heard that the suspicion was, even from VMS, that this was the ultra influence. And I'm not convinced that ultra isn't from yellow rat bloodlines, but that's yet to be proven.

As far as his website states, it's still unknown, but we can plug in the variables...

if TS is Ultra Anery het hypo (would have to be het hypo to get ghost's) X Ghost het amel (the male used to get the first F1's)

F1 possibilities: Anery A's, Ghosts, ultramel anery A's and hypo ultramel anery A's

or

TS is Ultramel anery A het hypo X ghost het amel

F1's possibilities: Anery A's, ghosts, snows, ultramel anery A's, coral snows or hypo ultramel anery A's

My F1 pair showed results that would lead me to say the male is a snow het hypo (I'll test to see if it is homozygous hypo this year) and the female is an anery A het hypo and amel. But one breeding does not define an answer, and I'll need to cross them out to unrelated animals for further testing...

Until more test breedings are done with the female, which I'm sure will be done, she's still a question mark. I've never heard that ultra may be from yellow rat snakes. The story I've heard over the years is that ultra was from a corn snake that was bred into corns and gray rat snakes, with two different lines, one "pure" and one not...
 
...WHAT???? O.K. let's look at some facts that many of you are CLEARLY OVERLOOKING. :flames:

It is not the breed of animal, be it a cat, dog, fish, or snake that is responsible for deafness, hip and elbow dysplasia, scale problems,Kyphosis, birth defects, skin conditions, etc, on and on. It is LINE BREEDING. IE... PURE BREEDING.
Why? Because line breeding begins with a small gene pool, of a specific animal with the desired attributes, and these are bred together, for many generations. This increases the chances of bringing the inheritable bad traits to the surface, by limiting the given gene pool, of said specific animal species, to bring about, or keep the desired traits.
How many Mutts suffer from deafness, blindness, and hip and elbow dysplasia? Does it happen...YES,Why? Limited GENE POOL. Does it happen as often as it does in PURE bred animals? Only in animals of Close genetic history.

We have already seen the effects of limiting the gene pool in corn snakes, in spinal kinks, star gazing, and yes even albinism.
It is my belief that hybrids, only serve to STRENGTHEN the corn snake gene pool, by increasing the amount of inheritable genes, that may be inherited. Yes both good and bad. It in effect, serves to "bury" bad genes, but for how long? And what happens when the new extended gene pool runs out?

And besides what exactly is a "Pure Corn"
Would it be a :
Normal ( Or Red Rat) Corn?
Okeetee Corn?
Miami Corn?
Upper Keys Corn?
Kisatchie corn?

OR MAYBE these are all just EXAMPLES of a limited Gene pool,
and a mix of any of these should be considered a "Hybrid"!!
Oh, the Horror of the implications of that!!!!!

Is there a downside to hybrids, yes definitely.
Especially, to native eco-systems,
but are they more of a threat, than a pure bred,
escapee, or released pet?:shrugs:
 
The fact that the opposite can lead to negative implications does not mean that this end of the equation is okay either. Nature has been around a deal longer than you or any other breeder out there around- Natural selection has been occurring for thousands of years and these lines were the ones that persevered.

And I am not necessarily referring to all hybrids, but those which have no business meeting because each exists in a totally different habitat.

There are any number of ways to potentially bring about suffering in your animals, the fact that there are other ways to do that does not justify proceeding with one.

That's my opinion, if you wish to disagree, by all means, but I cannot see how you would claim that my opinion is totally without basis.
 
You know when I was a kid, I used to love mixing together different color paints to see what I would get. And not just the normal blue and yellow make green thing. It would always be fun to find out what yellow and green and orange would turn out as. And you could always add a little more here and a little more there. The thing was, when I was done, I threw out the paint or used it. There was nothing live involved in it. Many throw a genetic mix together to see what they will get and there are times what you get are sick animals. But if they are pretty, then it is considered worth it. You see it more and more and to me it is completely unethical to "make" hybrids which may carry those problems and just take a chance on it. I know ones who have no problem culling a clutch or part of a clutch that doesn't turn out the way they want it two. That to me is horrible.
 
The fact that the opposite can lead to negative implications does not mean that this end of the equation is okay either. Nature has been around a deal longer than you or any other breeder out there around- Natural selection has been occurring for thousands of years and these lines were the ones that persevered.

And I am not necessarily referring to all hybrids, but those which have no business meeting because each exists in a totally different habitat.

There are any number of ways to potentially bring about suffering in your animals, the fact that there are other ways to do that does not justify proceeding with one.

That's my opinion, if you wish to disagree, by all means, but I cannot see how you would claim that my opinion is totally without basis.

Please explain in scientific, medical or psychological detail how these hybrid animals are "suffering"? I don't see my hybrids suffering from blatant medical problems, they aren't in any worse condition than any of my accepted "pure" snakes, they don't appear to be emotionally scarred by the fact that they are hybrids. I don't get the point of view that they are "suffering". :shrugs:

I do see the point of view that as humans we dabble in things we probably shouldn't, like cloning. Apart from perhaps very basic one celled organisms, there aren't any lifeforms on this planet that clone themselves to my knowledge. Cloning is a step in the wrong direction, IMO. That is definitely narrowing the gene pool, which will become a huge problem. I believe abell82 to be right about inbreeding and line breeding. At some point you have to introduce fresh genes. Maybe those genes shouldn't be from another species, but what's wrong with another breed within that species? All horses, asses, and zebras are equines, they can and will interbreed. All dogs are canines, including wolves and coyotes, and they can and will interbreed. All colubrids are in the same family and can and will interbreed. That doesn't mean that I would breed a wolf to a poodle to improve either line, nor would I breed a zebra to a Morgan to improve either line. But I might breed a poodle to a Portuguese Water Dog, which is similar, or an Arabian to a Mustang to strengthen the genetics. BReeding a kingsnake to a cornsnake isn't improving either line, it's creating something completely new which would also need fresh blood down the line. Animals have been crossing in the wild for thousands of years to develop those that we see now. Where do you think intergrades come from? Animals who's territories have overlapped and they have bred. As for breeding animals that are from different habitats, that one doesn't jive for me. A desert king will breed with a Florida king that is from a much more humid environment, yet they are both kingsnakes. I don't think nature draws such harsh lines in the sand as humans would like to believe. Nature is flexible, it has to be.

Breeding any animal has always been a moral dilemma for me. I don't believe in puppy mills or backyard breeders for puppies and kittens, so what am I doing by breeding 100+ snakes a year? Is it any different? I am reaching a serious point where I'm not sure I want to continue to produce a surplus of animals that we all know may wind up in the hands of idiots. I love my snakes too much. So whether I decide to breed hybrids or "pure" snakes, I have to decide for myself what's important.
 
I do see the point of view that as humans we dabble in things we probably shouldn't, like cloning. Apart from perhaps very basic one celled organisms, there aren't any lifeforms on this planet that clone themselves to my knowledge.

BTW (this has little to do with this discussion, sorry!) Aspen trees are just bunches of clones!!

Just wanted to mention that.

Sorry to derail....continue..... :)
 
Please explain in scientific, medical or psychological detail how these hybrid animals are "suffering"? I don't see my hybrids suffering from blatant medical problems, they aren't in any worse condition than any of my accepted "pure" snakes, they don't appear to be emotionally scarred by the fact that they are hybrids. I don't get the point of view that they are "suffering". :shrugs:

I do see the point of view that as humans we dabble in things we probably shouldn't, like cloning. Apart from perhaps very basic one celled organisms, there aren't any lifeforms on this planet that clone themselves to my knowledge. Cloning is a step in the wrong direction, IMO. That is definitely narrowing the gene pool, which will become a huge problem. I believe abell82 to be right about inbreeding and line breeding. At some point you have to introduce fresh genes. Maybe those genes shouldn't be from another species, but what's wrong with another breed within that species? All horses, asses, and zebras are equines, they can and will interbreed. All dogs are canines, including wolves and coyotes, and they can and will interbreed. All colubrids are in the same family and can and will interbreed. That doesn't mean that I would breed a wolf to a poodle to improve either line, nor would I breed a zebra to a Morgan to improve either line. But I might breed a poodle to a Portuguese Water Dog, which is similar, or an Arabian to a Mustang to strengthen the genetics. BReeding a kingsnake to a cornsnake isn't improving either line, it's creating something completely new which would also need fresh blood down the line. Animals have been crossing in the wild for thousands of years to develop those that we see now. Where do you think intergrades come from? Animals who's territories have overlapped and they have bred. As for breeding animals that are from different habitats, that one doesn't jive for me. A desert king will breed with a Florida king that is from a much more humid environment, yet they are both kingsnakes. I don't think nature draws such harsh lines in the sand as humans would like to believe. Nature is flexible, it has to be.

Breeding any animal has always been a moral dilemma for me. I don't believe in puppy mills or backyard breeders for puppies and kittens, so what am I doing by breeding 100+ snakes a year? Is it any different? I am reaching a serious point where I'm not sure I want to continue to produce a surplus of animals that we all know may wind up in the hands of idiots. I love my snakes too much. So whether I decide to breed hybrids or "pure" snakes, I have to decide for myself what's important.


First off, something you said is wrong in my opinion, dogs, as a rule, are no more a natural phenomena than a jar of pickles is. The fact that we deliberately took the smallest, the stockiest or whatever trait that comes to mind and emphasized it by selective breeding cannot be compared by any way to a natural occurance.

Yes, Hybrids in the wild exist, certainly- on what scale? how many of these survive, and how many of these actually manage to find another similiar mate and continue to breed? Very few.

You cannot compare selective breeding to nature, you can't. You make the rules, you are basically accelerating a process which might have -never- occured in the wild. You ensure the health of the two, you eliminate the negative odds of two such snakes to meet and then you state " it happens in the wild too"- sure it does. How many creamsicles do you think would come about in the wild? Very few, I assure you.

Many animals don't -seem- to suffer. Snakes especially will not allow a single hint of pain to show due to their extreme survival skills and their inability to express many things in a manner which we will understand. Fact is, you don't know.
Also, you speak of a single generation, that's hardly the point here- defects will develop over time.

Within nature- you have natural selection to "weed out" those who cannot survive. In your home- you take this major factor away. You can assume all you want that a said specimen will or will not survive in the wild- but it remains an assumption because you cannot and shall not imitate a totally natural environment to see if he dies or not.

It is taking a chance, and you won't be the one who ends up paying for your mistake but they will.

Personally I think too many assumptions are made without really testing them out. It is far more comfortable to think that the snakes are fine because they -seem- fine, but in truth they may be suffering.

Just like many dogs who are very happy and seem totally healthy, but in truth will suffer from leg/waist/jaw pains when they get older.

Dogs today suffer from ailments due to our selective breeding- whoever think that snakes won't end up suffering from the same fate is delusional at best, in my opinion. It is the same process, it is evolution which is condensed into unnatural environments and terms, which heeds to rules which have little in common with the that apply in the wild. I don't think you should expect different results a few generations hence, as as I said before- again it won't be us who pay the price.
 
Dogs today suffer from ailments due to our selective breeding- whoever think that snakes won't end up suffering from the same fate is delusional at best

Oh man, I'm delusional :(

But seriously. You can't compare dog breeding and snake breeding, not really - completely different animals bred for different purposes under different circumstances.

Snakes are bred mainly for colour and markings. Although all colour and marking genes may have some effect on the physiology of the animal, in the main they are minor or even undetectable. I do have concerns that eventually, if you lump enough mutant genes into a snake, you could end up producing a less vigorous animal overall, but that's just idle speculation. We're not altering bone structure, overall size, muscling, or instincts through our breeding.

Dogs - well, colour and markings are a minor concern. Type, conformation ... that is what makes a breed. Sadly, poor breeding practices combined with the pursuit of extremes means that many breeds do suffer from genetic illnesses. This is exaggerated because dog breeds are closed genepools, with no new additions being allowed in, so any defects in the breed are magnified with each uncontrolled generation.

A corn is a corn is a corn. We don't have seperate, closed genepools of distinct different breeds of corn snakes, each showing exaggerated or altered physical appearances from wild corns. If there were, then I might start to become worried about ailments due to selective breeding.

(to be honest, I am really more concerned about people buying and breeding from non-feeding snakes of any species, as I feel that will be more detrimental to captive snakes than selective colourbreeding)
 
I'd like to know why it's assumed that line-breeding or in-breeding animals of sound genetic stock will automatically lead to defective offspring? If there are no deleterious genes in the base stock, then breeding them together surely has no more chance of problems than with unrelated stock?
 
I'd like to know why it's assumed that line-breeding or in-breeding animals of sound genetic stock will automatically lead to defective offspring? If there are no deleterious genes in the base stock, then breeding them together surely has no more chance of problems than with unrelated stock?

The only problems that I can see with inbreeding on sound genetic stock is inbreeding depression - but you'd need to be very determined. In rodents, you need to breed eight generations of brother x sister in order to really see the effects of inbreeding depression ... so if you start with a brother and sister now, then in 24 years you could have a population showing the effects. Of course, having more in-depth breeding plans than just breeding bro x sis for eight generations would make great strides in avoiding inbreeding depression :)

Incidentally, none of my snakes came with written pedigrees/family trees. for all I know my 06 UK bred opal could be very closely related to my 07 US bred opal motley. I think mating them together would be an outcross because that's what the evidence suggests, but that doesn't make it true! Until the majority of snakes come with pedigree information from the breeder, we have no idea how inbred any of our animals are.
 
Thanks Toyah. I always just think about syrian hamsters, all said to be descended from one wild-caught preggers female! I know you breed mice, could you PM any links about inbreeding depression?
 
Just for a point of reference we might want to differentiate betwixt (love that word, never get to use it ;)) "hybrids", "intergrades" and even "subspecific intergrades" (if that's the right term). At least with the various American elaphe's (or pantherophis), breeding's between the two doesn't result in hybrids. It results in intergrades. Black X Gray, Black X Yellow, Yellow X Everglades has all been reported as naturally occurring. Altho with 'glades X Yellow's I've read it's due to a loss of natural habitat for the everglades rat snake which allowed yellows to range further into what was not their normal area of habitation. Corns have been found to have also interbred with one of the rat snakes in the wild, per members from this site. I'd guess you could find it with the central and western rat snakes too, and if Fox snake ranges overlap, same thing. Plus it's not like evolution stopped at the 20th century either :*)
 
Many animals don't -seem- to suffer. Snakes especially will not allow a single hint of pain to show due to their extreme survival skills and their inability to express many things in a manner which we will understand. Fact is, you don't know.

By that logic even the pure cornsnakes we have in little sweater boxes or 75 gal aquariums may be suffering, too. I don't see that stopping anyone from getting more snakes. So, in essence, neither of us knows if any snake in captivity is suffering, where they're pure or not.

Within nature- you have natural selection to "weed out" those who cannot survive. In your home- you take this major factor away. You can assume all you want that a said specimen will or will not survive in the wild- but it remains an assumption because you cannot and shall not imitate a totally natural environment to see if he dies or not.

It is taking a chance, and you won't be the one who ends up paying for your mistake but they will.

Are we breeding these animals to release them into the wild? No. We aren't trying to save a species and repopulate natural habitats. We're breeding pretty snakes. If you find a vet who has studied, and concurs, with your theory, then I will take it more seriously. Until then, we can only go by what we experience and I haven't had a single vet tell me my snakes are suffering from cross breeding. So again, neither of us knows for certain.

Personally I think too many assumptions are made without really testing them out. It is far more comfortable to think that the snakes are fine because they -seem- fine, but in truth they may be suffering.

Just like many dogs who are very happy and seem totally healthy, but in truth will suffer from leg/waist/jaw pains when they get older.

And so do wolves and lions and tigers and elephants and deer and any other wild animal you want to mention. They don't just go merrily along, healthy as the proverbial horse, and suddenly keel over and die. Their bodies get old, they get arthritic, they get cancer, they get a myriad of other problems that humans had no hand in.

Dogs today suffer from ailments due to our selective breeding- whoever think that snakes won't end up suffering from the same fate is delusional at best, in my opinion. It is the same process, it is evolution which is condensed into unnatural environments and terms, which heeds to rules which have little in common with the that apply in the wild. I don't think you should expect different results a few generations hence, as as I said before- again it won't be us who pay the price.

I still don't see you giving up your snakes, although they may have been inbred. Who knows whether they were or not? We're each in this for our own reasons. I am well aware of potential pitfalls when crossing genes and playing God. Humans do that every day in everything that we do. Are we headed for disaster? At some point we will probably destroy the planet through global warming and other lovely side effects to our experiments and lifestyle. Do I think that we are risking the suffering of snakes by hybridizing them? No. Not at all. I want proof. It's that simple. Theorizing only goes so far for me. You ahve your belief and I have mine. I think we can get by on that.
 
I'd like to know why it's assumed that line-breeding or in-breeding animals of sound genetic stock will automatically lead to defective offspring? If there are no deleterious genes in the base stock, then breeding them together surely has no more chance of problems than with unrelated stock?


There's no such thing as a "sound" stock. Every snake out there has some sort of deficiency, some sort of trait which is less than optimal. We all have defects to a degree.

The moment you constantly breed the snakes from the same gene-pool you ensure that somewhere along the way it will be expressed- because you keep on breeding animals that inherit said deficiency. It may even be extremely minor, but it will become more potent as you breed repeatedly.
 
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